Signaling apparatus



. May 7, 1946. B. J. KUCERA 7 2,399,582

S IGNALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 7 Sheets-Sheet 1 TRANSIENT BETEoToR 4o 26 OPERATORS 24 2 d fi BALANCING NET WORK INVENTOR. BARNEY J. KUGERA ATTORNEYS May 7, 1946. B. J. KUCERA 2,399,632

SIGNALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 7 Sheets-Sheet 2 SIGNAL CURRENT 5 REPEATER 30 E-W w-e AMPL\ F\ER AMPLlFlER o C INVENTOR.

. B'ARNEY .1. KUCERA ATTORNEYS May 7, 1946.

B. J. KUCERA SIGNALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 lMPEDANGQ DETECTOR 60 7 Sheets-Sheet 3 SIGNAL GURRENLREPEATER 3o BALANCING NETWORK BARNEY J. KUGERA ATTORN EYS May 7, 194% B. J. KUCERA SIGNALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 7 Sheets-Sheet 4 mm 5 5:5 565% M2: 3 n |0A|. $882202 2 v I: o q O A i! .0 .WI 1056 E8228 @2845 m2: IQIA'I o A I r2 2 Q INVENTOR. BARN EY J. KUGERA ATTORNEYS May 7,1946. B. J KUCERA 2,399,682

SIGNALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 7 Sheets-Sheet 5 FIG. 5 TRANSIENT QETECTOR 14o 2m 262 #4 I; J 212 L J m hl fihl k OPERATORS HEADSET 12s n-IZGQ fxlZGb j ATTORNEYS y 7, 6 J. UCERA 2,399,682

S IGINALING APPARATUS Original Filed July 15, 1942 '7 Sheets-Sheet 6 DIAL TONE CURRENT 2W1 SOURCE o EW c WE 135 AMPLIFIER AMPLIFIER 36 n c o r(-l0 q I I l I I INVENTOR.

BARNEY J. KUCERA BY I ATTORNEYS May 7, 1946.

SIGNALING APPARATUS original Filed July'l5, 1942 7 Sheets-Sheet 7 FIG. 7

l M PE DANCE DETECTOR I60 P SIGNAL CURRENT REPEATER I30 INVENTOR.

BARN EY J. KUCERA BY MM,M+%JL B. J. KUCERA 2,399,682 I ATTORNEYS Patentecl May 7, 1946 aseacsa SIGNALING APPARATUS Barney J. Kucera, Cleveland, Ohio, assignor to Automatic Electric Laboratories, Inc., Chicago, 111., a corporation of Delaware Original application July 15, 1942, Serial No. 450,987. Divided and this application January 15, 1945, Serial No. 572,872

7 Claims. (01. 179-1752) The present invention relates to signaling ap- 'paratus and, more specifically, to improvements in apparatus for secretly observing all calls handled at any selected substation of an automatic telephone system. This application is a division of the copending application of Barney J. Kucera, Serial No. 450,987, filed July 15, 1942.

In the usual wire tapping or call observing arrangement, jumper connections are made to .the conductors of the line extending to the subthe system.

It is an object of the present invention, therefore, to provide improved apparatus of the character described, which is so arranged that any desired substation of an automatic system may be brought under observation from a particular station or point of observation, without changing the wiring of the apparatus and without running jumper connections to the conductors of the line extending to the substation which it is desired to observe.

In the illustrated embodiments of the invention, the observing equipment is operatively associated with a desired substation by first routing a connection from the point of observation through the automatic switching apparatus of the system to the desired substation. The connection is then held from the observation point after it is released at the substation and, as finally completed, includes a reactive talking bridge at the final switching stage thereof. This talking bridge has the effect of preventing dial impulses from being transmitted from the substation to the point of observation. More specifically, with the bridge included in the connection, operations of the substation calling device and of the hook switch provided at the substation under observation manifest themselves as electrical voltage transients at the observed end of the connection. Moreover, the opening and closing of the signaling circuit at the substation end thereof, incident to the initiation of a call at the substatiomeauses corresponding changes in the impedance of the signaling circuit as measured at the observed end thereof.

V It is another object of the invention to provide in a switching and signaling system ofv the character described, an improved arrangement for utilizing the transients produced on the signaling circuit for efiecting the extension of a connection from the signaling circuit to another line.

According to another object of the invention. facilities controlled b certain of the transients appearing on the signaling circuit are provided for transmitting a signal of limited duration back over this circuit.

According to still another object of the invention, those facilities which are provided in the apparatus to respond to transients appearing on the signaling circuit, are arranged in an improved manner to discriminate between a transient produced by opening the signaling circuit and a transient produced by closing of the signaling circuit.

It is another object of the invention to provide in a signaling and switching arrangement of the character described, improved apparatus for transmitting impulses to automatic switching equipment, which apparatus is arranged to be controlled by the changes in impedance of the signaling circuit, as measured at one end thereof, which result from the opening and closing of the circuit at-the other end thereof.

According to still another object of the invention, provisions are made in the apparatus for preventing the impulse transmitting equipment, and that apparatus which responds to the transient appearing on the signaling circuit, from falsely responding to the signal and transient voltages which are impressed on the circuit incident to the operation of the automatic switching equipment to extend a connection from the signaling circuit.

The invention, both as to its organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the specification taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which Figs. 1, 2 and 3, when laid side by side in the order named and combined with Fig. 4, illustrate an improved system characterized by the features of the invention briefly outlined above; and Figs. 5, 6 and 7, when laid side by side in the order named and combined with Fig. 4, illustrate a modified arrangement of the system, also characterized by the features of the present invention.

Referring now more particularly to Figs. 1 to 4. inclusive, of the drawings, the improved observing apparatus is illustrated in its circuit relationship to the lines and automatic switching equipment of a thousand line automatic telephone system. More specifically, the call observing equipment, as provided at a particular point of observation,-and illustrated in Figs. 1, 2'and 3 .of the drawings, is connected to theautomatic switching apparatus of the system as schematically shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings, by means *of two lines If! and II which respectively terminate in the exchange of the system in line'switches l4 and I5. Two additional subscriber lines 8iand. 9 are shown in the drawings as extending tto ithe substations A and B, respectively. These zlines also terminate in the exchangeindine switches l2 and [3, respectively, through which .acce'ssis gained to the impulse-controlled numerical switches of the exchange. More specifically, the impulse-controlled switching equipment of the exchange comprises a plurality of selectors L6, i7, etc. which are accessible to 'the'line switches individual to the various lines and have access, in turn,'toten groupsof connectors, twoof which respectively include the connectors 18 vand [9. Each group of connector'sihas access, .in turn, to a particular groupof one hundredlines.

It will be understood that the "line switches l2, l3, M and andthe other similarswitches of the systemare non-numericalswitches in the sense that they are ineffective to perform any line selecting function other than thatofsele'cting an idle one of the selector switches. 'The selector and connector switches, on the other hand, are commonly-known as: numericalswitches in that they are operative to ,per'formparticular line selecting functionsin response to .impulses transmitted thereto. Each of .theline switches l2, [3, 14,15, etc. is preferably of the wellknown rotary type, of which there -are.severalcommercial embodiments. Each of the selector and.connectorswitches is preferably :of the well known Strowger type having :embodie'd therein :a wiper carriage structure which is-adapted to betranslated vertically to bring the wipers thereof lto a position opposite a particular level oi bank contacts, andto thenbe rotated to bring the wipers into engagement with a .-particular set of bank contacts in aselected level; verticaLrotary and release magnets; and-control relays .suitablyconnected and arranged to control the .energization of the various magnets'and the-line switching in accordance with the particular functions of .the particular switch.

In order more easily to explain the operation of the circuits to which the present invention pertains, a portion of the equipment --ernbodied in the connector [9 has been shown in detail. This connector is provided with a reactive talking bridge which, in the illustrated-arrangement, comprises thetwo condensers 28a, and 2817. These two condensers have the function ofseparating the calling and answering loop circuitsfincluded in a connection set up through the connector I9 in so far as direct currents .are concerned, while at the same time providing a signal current channel through which signal currents may be transmitted between .the two loop circuits. The connector [9 further conventionally comprises a line relayl21 havingits Windingsbridged in series with the exchange'battery ,across the talking conductors of the trunkincomingitothe connector, and a back-bridge relay '29 ihaving its windings adapted to be bridged in series .with the exchange battery across the talking iwipers of the connector. 'A'sthus connected, thewi'n'dings of the two relays 21 and 29 are respectively included in the calling and answering loop circuits of a connection completed through the connector I9 between two lines of the system.

The substations served by the system are of the well known common battery type. Only a portion of this equipment as provided at the illustrated substations A and B is shown in the drawings. In brief, this equipment, as provided at each of the two substations, comprises a transmitter 2!, a receiver 22, a calling device 20 of the dial-operated type, and a hook or cradle switch23. It will be understood that each of the substations also includes a ringer bridged across the .conductors of the associated line in series with a condensergandan induction coil suitably con- ,nectedjin the :circuit to provide the well known anti-side tone'type of voice current transmission. In the interests of simplifying the disclosure, these elements have been omitted from the drawings.

In general, the call observing equipment as shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings -,comprises a calling device '24 through operation "of which calls may -be *routed from the point of observation through the automatic switching equipment to any-desired substation of the'systern, an operators headset 25 "which conventionally. includes a transmitter and receiver, and-a dial and talk -key 26 which may be used selectively to connect the calling device 2 4 and *the headset 2'5'to the line H). The equipment'further :coniprisesa signa'l current-repeater 3'0 whioh may be connected between the two lines 10 and ii through operation of the keys 31 :and 38 and lis :operative to transmit :signal currents betwe'en 'thesetwolline's in either idirection. Briefiy convsidered, this :repeater comprises iterminal hybrid :systems which respectively include the two by- 'brid :coils :31 and 233 and two :associated balanciingnetworks :32 :and .64. These 'zhybrid'systems are connected by an east-west signal :current transmission channel 'which includes the sche- ,matically villustrated vacuum tube amplifier :35, .and :by a westeeast signal :current transmission -.,channel which includesxthe schematically illus- :trated vacuum tube :amplifier -38. :It :will he ,un- ;derstood :in this regard that the iamplifier :35 as provided -in {the east-west channel between :the two-hybrid coils 3| and 33 is utilized'to-transmit signal currents =from the line 1H) -to the Pline ii, and that the amplifier 36 as provided inthe-west- "east'channel connecting the hybrid coils 3'3and -.3 I is utilized .to transmitisignal currents in the :reverse1direction, :i. -.e., from -.the line H .to the line H].

In order -to extend a connection .irom the observing point to a desired substation .under the control of the calling -device provided .at -a sub- 0 ,station under observation,the control equipment illustrated .inthe upper, portion of,=Figs. .1,.2.and 3 .of the drawings is .provided. In general, .this equipment comprises -a transient detector 40 :of .the thermionic type, .an .impedance .detector also of thethermionictypaand a group ofcontrol relays 15,11,19, .8l, 85,131,189 and92. Of .the enumerated relays, those identified by lthe-re'ference numerals15,.8l,.85, 89 and292 are-.o'flthetconventional single .winding,.fast-acting type. The double wound reIayITS, on the other hand, isof the wellknown ,differentialitype, 'suchithat it will operate andiremain operated when either-of its two windings is energized but will restore when both iofits windings are concurrently ener ized. "Finally;thetwo' relays11 *and81'are' provided'with both operating and holding windings. More specifically, the lower winding of each of these relays may be preenergized without causing the relay to operate. When, however, the upper operating winding of either of these relays is subsequently energized to cause the operation thereof, normal rated current flow through the lower winding of the relay will serve to hold the relay in its operated position after the upper winding of the relay is deenergized. A key 94 is provided in the equipment to control the preenergization of the holding windings for the two relays l1 and 81 and to provide a locking circuit for the relay 89.

As .Will be apparent from the following detailed consideration of the disclosed circuits, the operation of the apparatus requires that the relay 19 be released a predetermined time interval after it is initially operated. For the purpose of measuring this time interval, a time delay device is provided. This device comprises a thermionic diode 95 having an output circuit which includes the lower winding of the differential relay 19 and a source of anode potential 98, and a cathode heating circuit which includes the current source 91 and an adjustable current limiting rheostat 95. For the purpose of disassociating the illustrated control equipment from a connection set up through the point of observation, after the functions assigned to this equipment have been discharged thereby, a key 14 of the well known looking type and having two operating positions is provided.

Referring now more particularly to the transient detector 40, it will be noted that this detector is arranged to control the relay l and that its input terminals are coupled to the output terminals of the channel amplifier 35 by means of the coupling condenser 48. This detector comprises a three-electrode transient amplifier tube 4|.of the indirectly heated cathode type; a three-electrode control tube 42, also of the indirectly heated cathode type; and a full wave copper oxide rectifier 43 having its input terminals coupled to the output electrodes of the tube 42 through a coupling transformer 44 and its output terminals bridged by a condenser 45 having the function of controlling the operate and release periods of the relay 15. More specifically considered, the input electrodes 4|g and Me are coupled to the output terminals of the amplifier 35 through a resistance-capacitance coupling network which includes the resistor 41 and the condenser 48. A cathode biasing circuit 46 comprising the shuntconnected resistor 46a and condenser 460 is included in the output circuit of the tube 4| to provide the required normal bias voltage between the input electrodes 4|c and Mg of the tube 4|. The output electrodes 4m and Me of the amplifier tube 4| are coupled to the input electrodes 42g and 420 of the control tube 42 through a resistance-capacitance network which includes the resistors 5| and 52 and the condenser 49. The normal bias between the input electrodes of the tube 42 is provided by a C battery 50 which is connected between these electrodes in series with the two resistors 5| and 52. This bias voltage may be increased under the control of-the relay 8| by shunting the resistor 5| by an additional C battery 53 having its terminals so poled that the voltage thereof is added to the voltage of the battery 5|]. Anode voltage for the two tubes 4| and 42 is supplied by a current source 54 having its positive terminal connected to the anode 42a through the'primary winding of the coupling transformer 44 and to the anode 4 la through the inductance element 55.

The impedance detector 6|], as shown in the upper portion of Fig. 3 of the drawings, comprises a thermionic audio-frequency oscillator employing the five-electrode oscillator tube Bl, a rectifier which includes the three-electrode vacuum tube 68, and a pulsing relay 92 having its winding included in the output circuit of the rectifier tube 68. More specifically, the oscillator section of the detector 60 comprises a condenser 63 and the secondary winding 64b of a coupling trans former 64, which are shunt connected to form a frequency determining tank circuit. This tank circuit is coupled to the grid Blp and cathode 6|c of the tube 6| through the by-pass condenser 66. The screen electrode Glg acts as the control grid of the oscillator and a portion of the oscillatory voltage developed across the tuned tank circuit is impressed on this grid through the condenser 65 and the inter'electrode capacitance between this electrode and the grid 6|p. The potential difference between the control grid 6 lg and the cathode 6|c of the tube, i. e., the bias on the grid filo, is determined by the. leak resistor 13 connected between these two elements. The output electrodes of the oscillator tube 6| are coupled to the input electrodes of the rectifier tube 68 by means of a coupling transformer 61. More particularly, the electron stream within the tube El and specifically that which extends to the anode lila, as modulated by changes in the potential on the grid Blg, is used to couple the primary winding of the transformer 61 with the oscillatory portion of the tube circuit. Effectively, the arrangement just described is a tuned plate circuit oscillator, with the grid 6|p acting as the anode and the screen electrode Blg acting as the control grid to indirectly produce changes in the electron stream in response to potential changes thereon. This arrangement, while capable of producing the requisite output voltage across the primary winding of the coupling transformer 61, is not capable of handling any substantial load. Accordingly, when the impedance across its input terminals 69 is altered to effectively increase the load imposed thereon, the oscillator immediately ceases to operate,

Anode potential for the two tubes 6| and B8 is supplied by a direct current source 12, the negative terminal of which is connected to the cathodes of the two tubes. The positive terminal of this source is connected to the anode of the tube 68 through the winding of the relay 92 and to the anode Gla through the primary winding of the transformer 61. It is also connected to the electrode Glp of the tube 6| through the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 64. The rectifier tube 63 is normally biased slightly beyond cut-off by the voltage of a C battery H, which voltage is negatively applied to the control grid of the tube 68 through the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 61. Current for energizing the respective relays l1, 19, 8|, 85, 81 and 89 may be derived from any suitable direct current source. The positive terhiinal of this source is connected to all terminals indicated by the ground symbol While the negative terminal thereof is connected to those terminals identi fied by the negative polarity sign, This source may also be used to energize the respective cathode heaters of the four tubes 4|, 42, 6| and B8.

In considering the operation of the equipment thus far described, it may be assumed that an attendantat the point of observation desires to to its closed-circuit position, two parallel direct current paths are bridged across the conductors of the line I0, one of these paths including the contacts 14a and 9| and the series-connected windings of the hybrid coil 3|, and the other including the contacts 14a and the primary winding 64a of the coupling transformer 64. It will be appreciated that after these paths are closed, the dial and talk key 26 may be restored to normal without releasing the connection as set up through the switches l4, l1 and Hi to the line 8.

At this point, it is in order to comment briefly on the factors which are utilized in the control apparatus at the observation point to effect the extension of a connection to the desired substation. Briefly, these factors are the change in impedance produced across the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60 incident to the opening and closing of. the answering loop circuit extending between the connector l9 and the substation A, and the transient voltages which are produced across the conductors of the line III in response to the opening and closing of the answering loop circuit. In this regard it will be understood that when the contacts of the hook switch 23a or the ulsing contacts of the calling device 20a are closed to complete the answering loop circuit, a voltage transient is produced across the conductors of the line I and appears across the line terminals of the hybrid coil 3|, the terminals 69, and the terminals of the receiver in the operator's headset 25. This transient manifests itself as a click in the receiver of the operators headset. Also incident to the closing of the answering loop circuit, the impedance of the overall signaling circuit as measured at the line terminals of the hybrid coil 3| and the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60 is substantially changed, assuming that the lines 8 and III are not unduly long. More specifically, this signaling circuit effectively comprises two links which are rather closely coupled through the condensers 28a and 28b of the connector talking bridge. Accordingly, when one of these links, i. e., that comprising the answering loop circuit, is effectively short-circuited through the substation equipment at the substation A, the impedance of the circuit as measured at the far end of the other link, i. e., across the line terminals of the hybrid coil 31 and the terminals 69, is substantially decreased. I

Each time the answering loop circuit as completed between the connector l9 and the substation A is opened, either at the contact springs of the hook switch 23a or at the pulsing contacts of the calling device 20, a voltage transient is produced across the conductors of the line which is substantially greater in amplitude than that produced when the answering loop circuit is closed. In this case the counter electromotive force developed in the windings of the backbridge relay 29 is additively combined with the voltage .of the exchange battery and impressed through the condensers 28a and 28b across the conductor of the line ID and hence across the terminals of the hybrid coil 3| and the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60 Also, when the answering loop circuit is opened, the impedance of this loop circuit as reflected into the calling 100p circuit is substantially increased, whereby the effective impedance of the overall signalling circuit asmeasured at the line terminals of the hybrid coil 3| and the input terminals 69 of the detector 60 is increased. So long as the line windings of the hybrid coil 3| are connected in shunt with the terminals 69 through the contacts 9|, the low impedance of these windings sufliciently loads the oscillator section of the detector 60 to prevent oscillation thereof. When, however, the contacts 9| are opened to disconnect these windings from across the terminals 69, the operation of the oscillator circuit is controlled in accordance with the loading afforded by the impedance of the connection as measured at the terminals 69. Thus, the oscillator portion of the impedance detector 60 is only lightly loaded and hence rendered capable of oscillating during those periods when the answering loop circuit extending to the substation A is opened, but is rendered incapable of oscillating immediately the loop circuit connecting the substation A with the connector I9 is reclosed due to the increased load imposed thereon.

From the above explanation it will be understood that when a call is subsequently initiated at the substation A, a transient voltage appears between theconductors of the line [0, which is impressed upon the line terminals of the hybrid coil 3|. This transient is transmitted through the windings of the hybrid coil 3|, amplified by the channel amplifier 35, and impressed upon the input electrodes of the amplifier tube 4| through the condenser 48. The transient voltage is further amplified through the tube 4| and impressed across the input electrodes of the control tube 42 through the condenser 49. The resulting transient current flow in the output circuit of the tube 42 causes an induced alternating voltage of two oppositely poled half-cycles to be developed in the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 44 which is impressed'upon the input terminals of the full wave rectifier 43. This voltage is rectified by the rectifier 43 and impressed across the winding of the relay 15 through the contacts 80.

When thus momentarily energized, the relay l5 closes its contacts I6 to complete an obvious circuit for energizing the relay 11. In operating, the relay ll closes its contacts 18 to complete an obvious circuit for energizing the parallel-connected windings of the three relays 19, 8| and 85. It is noted that following the operation of the relay 11, the current traversing the lower or holding winding of this relay is sufficient to maintain the relay in its operated position after the relay l5 releases to deenergize its upper winding. It may be noted further that the condenser 45 as bridged across the output terminals of the rectifier 43 is utilized to sustain the energization of the relay until the four relays l1, 19, 8| and 85 have completed their operation.

The relay 19, upon operating, opens its contacts to deenergize'the relay l5 and thus prevent the latter relay fromresponding to further transient voltages appearing across the conductors of the line l0 until such time as the relay 19 is deenergized. The relay 8|, upon operating, closes its contacts 82 to connect the 0 battery 53 in shunt with the resistor 5| and thereby increase the negative bias on the control grid 42g of the tube 42 to a value substantially beyond the point of anode current cut-off. Thus the transient detector 40 is prevented from passing transient voltages of small amplitude that may appear across the conductors of the line H). More specifically, the magnitude of the bias voltage impressed between the input electrodes of the tube 42 is, following operation of the relay 8|, sufficient to prevent the transient detector from transmitting any contacts of the key 38 the series-connected line windings of the hybrid coil 33; and thecontacts 93; 84- and I l-c. In operating, the relayalalso closes its contacts 83- to prepare a circuit for en-- ergizi'ng the para-llel-connectedwindings of" the relays't'fiand'lili. It isnoted in thi's-regard that the relay B l is so adjusted that the cont-acts 83-" thereof are the last'toclose' andare only engaged after the relay l'fi has releasedto'open its contacts 761 Thus the-rel'aygB! and'8'9 are prevented from; operating in response to the initial operationof' the relay-"l5;-

Whenthe above-described Ioopcircuit is completed bywayof tlielihe I l tothe line'switch |5;' this I line switch operates to extend thecircuit to the-first idle's'eleotor t'o which ith'asaccess. Assuming' that" the selector Hi is seized through the line switch- I5, the calling lbop-circuitis extended thereto and the controlequipment of tliis selector is operated to complete the usual dial ton signaling'cir-cuit. The-signal:voltage-thus-irnpressed across the=conductorsofthe line I' l i"'s transmitted through-the hybridcoil 33; amplified by the westeast channel amplifier 365' and transmitted through: the hybrid coil 3E to be impressed upon the conductorsof the line- I ll. F'IOKII- this point the. signal current" is.transmittedi overthe connectl'on established between the observing point and the; substation to: energize the receiver Z-Za and thusinform the: calling party at this substationLthat-the dialing operation maybe started;

Incident: to the: extension of' the connection from the observation point through tlie line switch: l5: to the: selector I6; atleasttwo line switching operations are performed in: these two switches, which result; in transient voltages appea-ring across the conductors of the line: H. Such voltages together with. the dial tone signal voltage: are: transmitted through the hybrid coil 3'3: and the amplifier 35 to the hybrid' coil 3 I; If the" impedance. of the balancingnetwork: 32 exactly. matches the line impedance as measured between the. line terminals of the. hybrid coil 3 these voltages are not impressed uponthe input terminals: of the amplifier- 35i In practice, liow ever; a precise matching: t the two indicated impedances is seldomif ever. obtained,- withthe result: that a certain amount of unbalance of the hybrid system, representing a certain-amount" of coupling between the West-eastl channel and the east-west channel; obtains. According-1y portions of" the above-noted transient and signal voltages are transmitted through the hybrid coil 31, amplified by'the amplifier35= and impressed uponthe input electrodes'ofthe transient detector it. Since, l'iovvever, the relay 19* is operated during the interval required to extend the connection fromthe observation point over the line H tolthesel'ector l6 inthe mann'erjust explained; it will be understood that it the-transient voltages produced incident to the extensionof theconnection and transmitted to the input side of the transient detector 40 are-passed througn this detector, therelay: H is prevented from operating. Thus, so 'longas the-relay'19is operated' theoperat'ing circuit for therela'y' 1-5 is heldopen at'the contacts-8U;

assesso ashort time interval required for the cathode of this tube to beaheated to its electron emitting. temperature; current derived-from'the source 98 is passed through the space current path. of thist'ub'e to' energize t'hello'wer winding of the relay" 19: When both of: its windings are thus energized; this relay releases and; closes its. contacts 130: reprepare the circuit for energizing the relay" 15.. Itzwill. be understood from the above explanation that; the. time interval during; which" the: relay 19: is operated is. determined" entirely bathe-netting; 01: therheostat 96. to fix. the period required; fontliecathode of the diode. to; beheaztedf to: its; electron emitting: temperature; Preferably, this: rheostat. is so adjusted that the indicated time. interval? only-slightly exceeds; that periodwhich is required for. a connection to; be extended through: a: line. switch; to a selector. This; period may: be of the.- order of one or two: seconds:

After the relay lsreleases, the: relay 1-5 isrendered responsive to. any transient or signal; voltage that maybe incidentally transmitted through the detector 40.. Thepurpose-ofutilizing the relay 8|. to increase the. negative bias. voltage upons the'controli g-rid- 42g, ofthe. control tube; 42.. in;the:- manner explained above' now becomesapparent. Thus by increasing. thisvoltage the transient. detector 4-3. is; rendered incapa b16501: passing the. dialtone signal. voltage and such incidental, transient voltages as may be.impressed. upon. the input. terminals thereofi. Acc.ordingly,,fal'se operation of. the. relay l5. isprevented. The above-noted. transient and; signal. voltages. produced across the line. terminals of. thehybrid coil 3]. incident to. theextensionof a connection from the. observation pointto the selector "3;. are also-directly impressed across the input. terminals 69 of thei'mpedance detector 60. Asprevi'ously stated,,however,,witn thalinewindings. of" the. hybrid coil 3] bridged across. these terminals, the oscillator portion of the impedance detector. 60 is. prevented from operating. According1'y,. the. transient and signal voltages appearing across theinput terminals 69 of this detector are. prevented from causing. false operation of the'pul'sing relay 92.

When the dial tone. signal is received at. the substation A, the calling party may actuate the dial'ofthe calling device 28a in accordance With the digits of the directory number designating the' desired. substation: For purposes of. explanation it may be assumed that the substation B is' desired by the" calling party. When the dial of the calling; device Zila is moved off normal at the start of each dialing operation, the lower shunt" springs of this device are closed to complete an obvious path for short-circuiting the transmitterZ'Iw and: the receiver 22c, thereby to l'owertheresistance of' the loop circuit connecting the substation A with the connector [9, and toprevent the transmitted impulses from. being reproduced as clicksbythe receiver 22a. These shunt springs areobviouslyopened' to interrupt the short-clrcuiting path each time the dial of the calling device- Zilais returned to its normal position. During each return movement of this dial, the upper pulsing springs of the calling device 20a are opened and closed a number of times to transmit a corresponding number of impulses over the line 8. These impulses are followed by the back-bridge relay 29. In this regard it will be understood that each time the impulsing springs of the calling device 20a are opened, a transient voltage of rather large amplitude is produced between the conductors of the line I0, and the impedance of the connection as set up between the substation A and the observation point, and as measured across the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60, is substan tially increased. It will also be understood tha each time the pulsing springs of the calling device 2011 are closed at the end of the open-circuit period of an impulse, a transient voltage of lesser magnitude is produced across the conductors of the line l and the impedance between the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 69 is substantially decreased.

The transient voltage produced between the conductors of the line ID at the beginning of the open-circuit period of the first impulse of the first digit dialed at the substation A, is transmitted through the hybrid coil 3|, amplified by the channel amplifier 35 and impressed across the input electrodes of the amplifier tube 4!. This voltage as amplified through the tube 4| is impressed between the input electrodes of the control tube 42 and is of sufficient amplitude to overcome the negative bias afiorded by the bias batteries 50 and 53. Thus the transient is passed to the output circuit of the tube 42 and transmitted through the rectifier 43 to cause the reoperation of the relay 15, Upon operating the second time, the relay l5 closes its contacts 16 to again energize the upper winding of the relay 11 and to complete a circuit through the contacts 83 for energizin the parallel-connected windings of the two relays 8'! and 89. The relay 89, upon operating, locks up in a circuit which includes the 1 contacts 90 and the contacts of the switch 94. 1A1; its contacts 9!, the relay 8!! opens the path over which the line windings of the hybrid coil 3! are bridged across the conductors of the line Ill and across the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60. It will be observed that after this path is opened the transient or signal voltages thereafter appearing across the conductors of the line I!) cannot be transmitted through the hybrid coil 3| and the amplifier 35 to the input terminals of the transient detector 48. Moreover, with this path opened, the low impedance presented by the line windings of the hybrid coil 3| is no longer connected in shunt with the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 60 to interfere with the response of this detector to changes in the impedance of the signaling circuit afforded by the continued operation of the pulsing springs in the calling device 20a.

After the relay 81 is operated. it will, b virtue of the continued energization of its lower winding, remain operated after its upper winding is deenergized. This relay, in operating, closes its contacts 88 to complete a path through the contacts Me for short-circuiting the input terminals of the west-east channel amplifier 36. The shortcircuiting of these terminals prevents transient voltages appearing across the conductors of the line H, and produced incident to the extension of the connection to the desired substation B, from being transmitted through the hybrid coil 33, th amplifier 36, the unbalanced hybrid system including the hybrid coil BI and the amplifier 35 to the input terminals of the transient detector 40. Thus this detector is prevented from falsely responding to those transient voltages produced on the line H incident to the extension of the connection. More generally considered, it will be noted that following the operation of the two relays 81 and 89, th signal current repeater 30 is rendered completely inactive to transmit signal and transient voltages therethrough in either direction. Thus, the transient detector 40 is rendered completely inactive and the dial tone signal transmitted through the repeater 30 in response to the first operation of the relay I5 is terminated.

When the impedance across the terminals 69 is increasedin the manner just explained, operation of the oscillator section f the impedance detector B0 is initiated. The oscillatory voltage produced across the output circuit of the tube 8! is transmitted to the input circuit of the rectifier tube 68 and alternate half-cycles thereof are passed through the winding of the pulsing relay 92, This current is smoothed through the action of the condenser 10 so that the relay 92 is effectively energized by a uni-directional current. Immediately this relay i energized it opens its contacts 93 to interrupt the loop circuit as extended by way of the line H and the line switch IE to the selector l6.

At the end of the open-circuit period of the first impulse dialed at the substation A, the impedance across the input terminals 69 of the impedance detector 6!) is substantially decreased with the result that the oscillator section of the impedance detector 60 stops oscillating to terminate the cur-- rent fiowthrough the winding of the pulsing relay 92. This relay, in releasing, recloses its contacts B3 to recomplete the loop circuit extending to the selector l6 and thus complete the impulse transmitted to this selector. The response of the impedance detector 60 to the other impulses transmitted to the observation point through continued operation of the calling device 20a is exactly the same as just explained. In this regard it will be understood that the impulses of the first digit as repeated to the selector l5 are utilized in this selector to extend the connection to a connector, such, for example, as the c0nnector l8 having access to the desired line 9. Following the switch-through operation of the selector l6 and during the inter-digit pause between the first and second digits, the connector 8, for example, is seized and conditioned for operation. The impulses of the second and third digits, as repeated to the connector l8 through operation of the impedance detector 60 and the pulsing relay 92, are utilized to position the wipers of this connector on the contacts terminating the conductors of the line 9. After this line is selected it is tested in the usual manner to de termin the idle or busy condition thereof, and. if busy, the usual busy signal is returned over the line II. On the other hand, if the line 9 tests idle, ringing current is transmitted thereover to energize the ringer provided at the substation B and the usual ring-back tone signal is returned over the line I l.

The attendant at the point of observation may: by retaining the key 26- in its dial and talk position, monitor the dialing operation to determine when this operation is completed. In this regard it will be understood that each impulse trans mitted by the calling device 2041 produces two transient voltages across the conductors of the line; Ill, which. are reproducedas cliclm by the receiver: of: the; operatons: headset: 25$ Accordingly; the attendant upom observingzthat the clicks havestoppedis informed that the-dialing operation is completed. Iinmediatelyafteivtherdialingr operation: is completed; thekey, 14? may: be actuated from itsillustrated.- normal position to an OITP-IIOI'IIlaIIEpOSitlOIIWHGI GiH the cont'acts 'M'ar, Moand; Me. thereofi are respectively disengaged, and? the contacts: Mb, 14dand 747 arerespectively' en.- gagedz At the. contacts'hia; the pathiforbridgihgthe input terminalst 9 of the impedance detector iiil'across th'etconductorsiof'theline lfl is'opien'ed; thereby to render. this detector wholly inactive. At the contacts 14b, the line windingsof th'e hy-- bri'ol coil 31 are. againbridged across the. conductors of the'line- I05. At the contact 'i-dcand 74d, the lo'op circuit. extending. from the point of observation tothe connector F8 is rearranged so that therelay contact 8 and 83 are excluded therefrom. At the contacts Me, the'path shortcircuitingtheinput terminals of the. amplifier 3 3 is' opened; thereby to render the signalcurrent repeater 3U operative to transmit signal voltages from the-line H to'the line'- I At the contacts 14?; the output" terminals or the other channel amplifier-'55 are bridged across the transmitting winding- 3321- of the hybrid coil t'i, thereby to render the signal current repeater 3U operative to transmit signal voltages from the line lil to the line Il Incident tothe last-mentioned operation, the transmitting'winding 33s of the hybrid coil 33 is effectively shunted across-the input terminals of the transient detector 43, thereby to render this detector'substantially non-responsive to signal and transient voltages appearing across the output terminals or the amplifier 35'.- Following the-operation -just described, the connection as setupbetween the substation A and the connector thi fully conditioned to-transmit' signal and voicefrequency currents in either direction. Thus the busy or ring-back tone signal voltage impressed upon the line H in the connector l8; incident to the operation of this conhector. to test, the line 9, is returned over' the line H through the repeater 30 and over the connection set; up between the observation point and the" substation A to energize the receiver 22a, whereby the. calling; party i informed either that the desired line isbusy or that the called substation is beingrung'. The attendant at the observa tion point also receives thiszinformation, assuming that the'key 26'is retainedin its dial andtalk position wherein the operators headset 25 is bridged. across the-conductor of 'the line ID.

If the call is answered at the-called'substation B the control equipment of the connector It! operates in an entirely conventional manner to arrest. the ringing operation and to complete a talkingcircuit between the lines 9 and H and; hence, between the substations A and B. In this regard it. will be" understood that signal currents produced through operation of the transmitter 2lb are transmitted to the receiver 22a over a channel. which includes the line 9', the connector ill, the selector l6, the line switch 1'5} the line H, the hybrid coil 33, the west-east amplifier 36 the hybrid coil 3|, the line It), the line switch M, the selector H, the connector [9, and the line 8. Signal currents produced through operation of the transmitter Z'l'a, on the other hand, are transmitted to the receiver 221) over a circuit which include theline 8', the connector l"9",.the selector IT, the line switch M; the? line Hi; the hybrid coi1 31, the east-west amplifier: 35;. the

aseaosa hybrid. coi1 33;,the line: H thelineswitchl l-5,-. the

selector' t6; the connector l-8; .and theline-Sl. So. longas theloperatofs headset 2.5- isbridged acros therconductorsofthe line Ill the attendant. at the observation point. may, of course, monitor. or. listeni inon the conversation held between; the calling partyat the substation A and: the called party at the substation B.

After the conversation. is terminated and the connection isreleased at botnthe calling. and called ends thereof, the attendant may release the switclrtrain; through which the connection; is extended-tothe substation B by actuating the key 38- tov its open-circuit position to; interrupt the loop circuit as-set up. between the pOintof. ob, servatiomand the connector (61. When. this loop circuit. is opened the connector Ill, the. selector it. and the line switcht5. are restored. to, normal in. amanner wellunderstood. in. the. art. In. this regard: it,willl belundenstc-omthat if the attendant at. the: point of observation; desires tolrelease the connection as set up to the substationA under observation,.the key 2.6 may. be returned to. normal and thezkey 3] operated: to its. openrcircuit position, thereby to.- interrupt the loop. circuit. as set-up between the. observing. equipment. and the connector I 9. When thisloop-circuit is. opened the connectorl 9, the selector L! and. the line switch- I4 aresuccessively released in the usual manner. Incident tot-he releaseof the connector t9-,.the private conductor of. the. line. 8 isdiscom nected from ground to render this line. accessible toat'he other connectors of the system;

In.-the event-the call asinitiated' at the. substation. A- is abandoned at this substation. before it. isfullyextended tothe: desired subs-tation.B,- the signal. voltage producedthrough .operation'of the oscillator-section of the impedance. detector 50. is transmitted. to-the receiver of. the operators. headset 25 to. inform the-attendant of theabandonmentofl the.call.. Thus. when.v the calling. party restores-the receiver. 22a-to the suppontinghookof the hook. switch:- 23a to openthe loop, circuit extending between. the substation A. and, the con.- nector. L9,. operation. of\ theoscillator. section of the. impedancedetector 69718 initiated inthemane nerr explained above, Alportionof theoscillatory voltage; appearing acrossthe tuned. tank circuit of this device is transmitted through. the. trans.- former windings 640;, the contacts. 1.411,. and the contacts ofthe two keysifl. and26 tothe receiver of thesoperatonsheadset. 25. This signal. is. ofv audio: frequency and,. as reproduced by. the receiver of the-operators headset, produces. a distinctive: signal: whichindicates that the.- initiated call has been abandoned. Upon: receiving, this sig-nahtheoperator may release the connection as extended over. theline l L by operating the.key 38 to interrupt. the loopcircuit established by way of this line. The. manner in which the: switches occupied! with the-callx arelreleased when this.loop circuit is brokenwillbeclearly apparentfrom the above explanation.

In,- order to. condition. the observing equipment for: use-imhandling another callafter a.connection. has been-v partially or completely extended from. this: equipment to. acalled. substation. and then. released, thekey 38- is returned to its closedcircuitrposition the key. 14 isineturnedtothe illustrated normal position thereof, and the key 944s; momentarily operatedto itSppen-circuit-pO. sition; ln respon'sez to. the latter operation the parallel-connected; windings of. the; three relays T I BxT and-BB, are 'deenergized, causing all; threeot these relays tc restore. In-releasing; the relay 7:!

opens its contacts I8 to deenergize the two relays BI and 85. and the upper winding of the relay I9,

thus causing the latter relay momentarily to reoperate. The relay 85,. upon. restoring, opensits contacts 80 to deenergize the cathode of the diode 05. When this cathode has cooled for a short time interval, space current flow therethrough is arrested to deenergize the lower winding of the relay 19, causing this relay to restore. After the relays I5, 81 and 89 have released, the key '94 may be returned to its closed-circuit position in order to again energize the holding windings of the two relays TI and 81. Following theoperations just described the observing equipment is fully restored to normal and is conditioned to handle another call originating at the observed ment there illustrated is substantially similar in circuit arrangement to that shown in Figs, 1, 2 and 3 of the drawings and described above. Ac-

- cordingly, corresponding parts of the two diifer-*- ent circuit arrangements have been identified by reference numerals differing only in the hundreds digit thereof. For convenience in describing the circuits involved, the observing equipment as illustrated in'Figs; 5; 6 and 7 of the drawings is shown as being connected to the two lines I and II which may extend to the line switches I4 and I of the automatic switching apparatus shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings. In general, this equipment differs from that shown in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 in the provision of a repeating coil 222 which is inserted in the'channel connecting the conductors of the line I0 with the input sides of the impedance detector I60 and the transient detector I40. denser 224 and the resistor 223 is connected across one set of terminals of this coil in order to balance the impedance of a connection extending to the line terminals of the coil. Facilities are also provided in themodified arrangement for transmitting dial tone signaling current through the repeating coil 222 to the line I0, and thence to a substation that has been placed under observation. These facilities include a dial tonecurrent source 2I'I having its output terminals coupled to 3 the dial tone signaling circuit. This signaling circuit is arranged to be directly controlled by the relays I8I and I89 of the control relay network,

in a manner such that the dial'tone signal is only transmitted after a connection has been extended from the observing equipment to the first selector of a switch train. The purpose of this arrangement is to provide more positive control of the dial tone signal transmission and to prevent the signal voltage from producing false operation of the impedance detector I60 or the transient detector I40. A further change which has been incorporated in the apparatus shown in Figs. 5, 6

and 7 of the drawings pertains to the wiring of the keys I31 and H4. It will be noted that the contacts of these keys are so wired that the conductors of the line I0 may be connected either to the input terminals of the repeating coil 222 or the input terminals to the hybrid coil I3I but.

not to both sets of terminals at the same time. By virtue of these changes, it is unnecessary to provide facilities for preventing the transmission of transient andsignal voltages to the transient detector I .and the impedance detector I dur-,

A balancing network comprising the conand (of the drawings relates to the arrangement of the transient detector I40. Briefly considered,

this detector, comprisesa push-push connected amplifier' stage including the two parallel-connectedtubes, 201 and 202; a control stage including the. two parallel-connected tubes204 and 205 which are coupled through the transformer 203 .to the output electrodes of the amplifier, tubes 20I ,and 202; .and a direct currentamplifier comprising thetwo parallel-connected tubes 208 and 209 which are resistance-coupled throughthe resistors 206 and 201 to the output electrodesof the tubes 204 and 205. A leak resistor 2I3 shunted by a condenser 2I4 is included in the path con- .necting. the cathodes and control grids of the tubes 204iand; 205 for the purpose of limiting the extent to which thegrids of these tubes may be driven positive with respect to their respective associated. cathodes. Theinput electrodes of the .first amplifier stage are coupledto the terminals 1226; of :therepeating coil 222 through a coupling itransiormer 200 and a pair of coupling condensers 2I 0. and 2| I.

A battery 2I2 is provided for normally biasing the, control grids of the two tubes .20I; and. 202. substantially to the point of anode .currentcut-oiifi. iAnode current for the six tubes .of. thedetector I40 is supplied from a direct cur- -rent source 2I5 which is tapped at ,a point 2H5 therealong so'that the required difference of potential exists between the. cathode and control .gridofgeach of the two. direct current amplifier tubes i208j-and 209; In this regard it will be noted that thenormal bias on the grids of the two tubes .208 and209. isdetermined by the oppositely directed gcunrentj: flow through, the balanced resistors i2 06:;and "20] and the space current paths of the. tubes .204 and -.205.;-,: The latter tubes normally operate with ,zerobias on their grids so that substantiali'currents traverse the resistors 206 and 201. These currents are obviously in such directions thatthe resulting voltage drops across the resistors 206 and 20'I are negatively applied to the grids of the tubes 208 and 209 in opposition to the .positive bias voltage provided by the section ii2Ij6a'of .thebattery 2I6. The circuit constants fare I so adjusted that the net bias voltage as applied, to;thecontrol grid of each of the tubes 208 and 209 is. sufficiently negative to maintain the .enormal space current flow through the winding of the relay I15 substantially below the value re- .quiredto operatethis relay. Current for ener- .gizing the relays I'II,.-II9, I and I89, and the ,cathode heaters. of the tubes 20I, 202, 204, 205, 208,209 I68 and I65 maybe supplied by any direct. current'source of suitable voltage;

.fIn gconsidering the operation of the equipment shown in Figs.,5, 6 and '7 of the drawings, it may be assumed that this equipment is operatively associated'with the automatic switchin apparatus shown in Fig. 4 of the drawings; that calls origw that the calling'device I24 provided at the point of observation isutilized to direct a connection through theswitches I4, I1 and I9 to the subinating at thesubstation A are to be observed;

station A; and that the connection is held from the point of; observation after it is released at this substation. ,After this connection is completed the control portionof the apparatus may beconditioned to extend a connection over the line II to a desired substation by operating the two keys I31 and I38 to their closed-circuit positions; operating the key I14 to its off-normal position wherein the contacts I14b, HM and I146 thereof are respectively engaged andthe contacts I14 thereof are disengaged; and operating the key I94 to its closed-circuit position to prepare a locking circuit for the relay I89 and to complete an obvious circuit for energizing the holding winding of the relay I11. With the key I14 operated to its off-normal position, the contacts Ilda and I140 thereof are respectively disengaged so that the line terminals of the hybrid coil I3I are disconnected from the conductors of the line I0. Also, with the contacts I1 Ie of this key closed, an obvious path is completed for shortcircuiting the input terminals of the West-east channel amplifier I36, thereby to prevent the Signal current repeater I30 from singing.

With the apparatus thus conditioned for operation, a transient voltage is produced between the conductors of the line I when a call is subsequently initiated at the substation A. This Voltage is impressed upon, the input circuit of the transient detector 140 over a channel which includes the contacts of the key I31, the contacts i14b and 114d, the repeating coil windings 2220 and 222d, and the condensers 2I0 and 2H, and appears in the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 200 as an alternating voltage having a positive half-cycle and a negative half-cycle. After amplification through the amplifier stage comprising the two parallel-connected tubes 20I and 202, this voltage appears as an induced voltage in the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 203. During one half-cycle of the amplified voltage the grid of one of the two tubes, such, for example, as the tube 204, is driven negative with respect to its associated cathode, thereby to cause a sharp decrease in the magnitude of the space current fiow through the resistor 206 and, hence, in the voltage drop across this :resistor. Thus the negative bias applied to the control grid of the direct current amplifier tube 208 is sharply decreased to produce a substantial increase in the space current flow through this tube and, hence, through the winding of the relay I15. Coincident with the current changes just described, and during the same half-cycle of the voltage induced in the secondary winding of the transformer 203, the control grid of the tube 205 is driven positive with respect to its associated cathode, to produce an increase in the current flow through the coupling resistor 201. The extent to which the control grid of the tube 205 is driven positive with respect to its associated cathode is limited by the action of the leak resistor 2I3 in a well known manner. Accordingly, the increase in space current flow through the tube 205 is limited not to exceed a predetermined value. It Will be understood, moreover, that since the change in space current flow through this tube is manifested at a point along the upper fiat portion of the tube characteristic, only a small increase in current flow through this tube, and hence in the bias voltage across the coupling resistor 201, is produced. This small increase in bias voltage across the resistor 201 is manifested as a decrease in the space current flow through the tube 209 and, hence, through the winding of the relay I15. It is noted, however, that the sharp increase in current flow through the tube 208 substantially exceeds the decrease in current flow through the tube 209, and that the resulting net increase in current flow through the winding of the relay I15 is sufficient to cause the operation of this relay.

During the other half-cycle ofthe alternating voltage induced in the secondary winding of the coupling transformer 203 as a result of the transient voltage appearing across the conductors of the line I0, the potentials on the grids of the tubes 204 and 205 are controlled to produce a sharp decrease in space current flow through the tube 205 and a relative small increase in space current flow through the: tube 204. As a result the space current flow through the tube 208 is decreased slightly and that through the tube 209 is sharply increased. The net increase in current flow through the winding of the relay I15 is sufiicient to maintain this relay in its operated position. It will thus be understood that the relay I15 is held operated during both halves of the transient voltage appearing across the conductors of the line I0.

In operating, the relay I15 closes its contacts I16 to complete an obvious circuit for energizing the operating winding of the relay I11. After the latter relay has operated it will remain in its operated position until its holding Winding is deenergized. In operating, the relay I11 closes its contacts I18 to complete an obvious circuit for energizing the upper winding of the relay I19 in parallel with the Winding of the relay I85. The relay I19, upon operating, opens its contacts I to deenergize the relay I15, providing the latter relay is still in its operated position. After the relay I15 restores, the slow-to-operate relay I closes its contacts I83 to prepare the operating circuit for the relay I89. At its contacts I86, the relay I85 completes an obvious circuit for energizing the cathode of the diode I95.

In operating, the relay I85 also closes its contacts I 84 to complete a loop circuit to the line switch I5. This circuit includes the'conductors of the line II, the contacts of the key I38, the line windings of the hybrid coil I33, and the contacts I93. When this loop circuit is completed, the line switch I5 operates to extend the connection to the first idle selector to which it has access. Assuming that the selector I6 is seized through the outlet contacts of the line switch I5, the calling loop circuit is extended thereto and the control equipment of this selector is conditioned to respond to receive current impulses in the usual manner. Incident to the extension of the connection through the line switch I5 to the selector I6, at least two line switching operations are performed which result in transient voltages appearing across the conductors of the line II. Such voltages are transmitted through the hybrid coil I33 to the input terminals of the west-east channel amplifier I30. Since the input terminals of this amplifier are short-circuited through the contacts I14e 0f the key I14, the transient voltages are not transmitted therethrough.

During the time interval required for the above-described switching operations to be performed, the cathode of the diode I is energized from the current source I91 through the rheostat I96. After a short time interval required for the cathode of this tube to be heated to its electron emitting temperature, current derived from the source I98 is passed through the space current path of this tube to energize the relay I 8I in series with the lower winding of the relay I19. When both of its windings are thus energized, the relay I19 releases and closes its contacts I80 to reprepare the circuit for energizing the relay I 15. It will be understood from the above explanation that the time interval during which the relay I19 remains operated is determined entirely by the setting of the rheostat I96 to fix the period required for. the cathode of the diode to be heated to its-electron emitting temperature. Preferably, this rheostat is so adjusted that the measured time interval only slightly exceeds the period required for a connection to be extended from the line II through the line switch I5 to the selector I6.

When energized through the space current path of the diode I95, the relay I8I closes its contacts 2I9 to complete a circuit including the windings of the repeating coil 222, the contacts I14!) and HM of the key I14, and the contacts of the key I31 for transmitting signal current from the source 2" to the line I0. From this point the dial tone signal currentis transmitted over the line I and through the tandem-connected switches I4, I1 and I9 to energize the receiver 220. provided at thesubstation A and thu signal the calling party that the dialing operation may be started. It is noted that the constants of the balancing network comprising the condenser 224 and the resistor 223 are proportioned substantially to balance the impedance of the connection as set up between the observation point and the substation A.. With this in mind, it will be understood from a brief analysis of the circuits traversed by the signal current, that the dial tone signal voltage appearing across the terminals 226 of the repeating coil .222 is substantially negligible. Thus the transmission of the dial tone si nal to the substation A is prevented from incidentally producing a voltage across the input terminals of the impedance detector I60 and the transient detector I40 of sufficient magnitude to cause the false operation of either of the two relays I15 and I92.

When the dial tone signal is received at the substation A, the calling party may actuate the dial of the calling device 20a in accordancewith the digits of the directory number designating the desired substation. When the calling device 20a is operated to transmit the open-circuit period of the first impulse, a transient volta e i produced between the conductors of the line II and impressed across the input terminals of the transient detector I40 to cause the reoperation of the relay I15 in the manner explained above. In reoperating, the relay II closes its contacts I16 to complete the prepared operating circuit for the relay I09. ,The latter relay, in operating, locks up in a circuit which includes the contacts I90 and the contacts of the key I94. At its contacts 220, the relay I89 short-circuits the secondary winding of the dial tone transformer 2l8, thereby to terminate the dial tone signal being transmitted over the line I0. At its contacts 22I, the relay I89 opens the path over which the balancing network comprising the condenser 224 and the resistor 223 is bridged between the outer terminals of the repeating coil windings 222a and 22%, thereby to prevent the oscillator section of the impedance detector I60 from being loaded by the impedance through these two circuit elements. In this regard it will be understood that so long as the parallel-connected element 223 and 224 are connected in series with the windings 222a and 22% across the primary winding of the coupling transformer I64, the oscillator section of the detector I60 is too heavily loaded to oscillate, regardless of the impedance of the connection as set up to the substation A. After the relay I89 is energized, the impedance across the input terminals of the coupling transformer I64 is, however, primarily determined by the impedance of the connection as set up between the observation point and the substation A. This across the input terminals thereof incident to the operation of the calling device 26a is exactly the same as explained above with reference to the operation of the impedance detector shown in Fig. 3 of the drawings. From this explanation it will'be. understood that the pulsing relay I92 functions to. repeat each impulse dialed at the substation A to the line I I. The first series of impulses, i; 6., those of the first digit, are utilized in the seized selector I6 to extend the connection from the line to a connector, such, for example, as the connector I3 having access to the line desired by. thecalling party. For explanatory purposes it may again be assumed that the substation B is desired by the party using the substation A. During the inter-digit pause between the first and second digits, the selector I6 operates to switch the calling loop circuit through to the connector I8, assuming that this connector is selected during the trunk-hunting operation of the indicated selector. When thus seized, the connector is conditioned to respond to the impulses of the second and third digits of the. directory number designating the substation B. The impulses of these digits are utilized to position the wipers of the connector I8 on the lineterminals at which the conductors of the line 9. are terminated. After. the line is thus selected the usual testis performed in the connector I8 to determine the idle or busy condition thereof, and, if busy, a signal to that effect is returned through the selector I6 and the line switch I5 to the line II. On the other hand, if the called line 9 tests idle, ringing current is transmitted thereover to energize the ringer provided at the substation B and the usual ringback tone signal is transmitted back over the line II.

It will be understood that the attendant at the point ofobservation may, by retaining the dial and talk key I26 in its operated position, monitor the dialing operation to determine when it is completed. In this regard it will be understood that each impulse transmitted by the calling device 20a produces two transient voltages across the conductors of the line III which are reproduced'as clicks by the receiver of the operators headset I25. Accordingly, the attendant upon observing that the clicks have ceased, is informed that the dialing operation is completed. Immediately after the dialing operation is arrested, the attendant at the point of observation may actuate the key I14 to the illustrated normal position thereof for the purpose of completing a signal and voice current transmission circuit between the two lines 8 and 9. Incident tothis operation the contacts I14?) and I'Md are opened to disconnect the conductors of the line I0 from the input terminals of the repeating coil 222 and thus effectively disassociate the control portion of the observing apparatus from the connection as set up between the lines 8 and 9. At the contacts IMa and H40 the conductors of the line l 0 I are connected 1 to. the line terminals of the hybrid coil I3I, thereby to establish a two-way transmission circuit through the signal current repeater I30 for transmitting voice and signal currents between the lines II and-I in either direction. At the contacts I.I-4e, thepath short-circuiting the input terminals of the westeast channel amplifier I36 is opened, thereby to render this channel operative to transmit signal currents from the line II to the line I0. vAt the contacts Il lf, an obvious shunt is established across the series-connected contacts I84 and I93, thereby to provide a bridge for holding operated the switch train through which the connection is extended to the line 9, after the relay I85 is released.

Following the operations just described the ring-back or busy tone voltage impressed upon the line I I in the connector I8 is returned over the line II through the repeater I30 and over the lines I8 and '8 to energize the receiver 22a, whereby the calling party is informed that the desired line is busy or that the called substation is being rung. Assuming that the key I26 is retained in its dial and talk position, wherein the operators headset I25 is bridged across the conductors of the line I0, the attendant at the observation point also receives the transmitted busy or ring-back tone signal. If the call is answered at the called substation, the control equipment of the connector I8 operates in an entirely conventional manner to arrest the ringing operation and to complete a talking circuit between the lines 9 and II and, hence, between the substations A and B. In this regard it will be understood that signal currents produced through operation of the transmitter 2Ib are transmitted to the receiver 22a over a circuit which includes the line 9, the connector I8, the selector I6, the line switch I 5, the line .I I, the hybrid coil I33, the amplifier I36, the hybrid coil I3I, the line III, the line switch I4, the selector II, the connector I9, and the line 8. Signal currents originating at the substation A, on the other hand, are transmitted to the receiver 22b over a channel which includes the line 0, the connector I9, the selector H, the line switch I4, the line I0, the hybrid coil I 3| the east-west amplifier I35, the hybrid coil I33, the line II, the line switch I5, the selector IS, the connector I8, and the line 9. So long as the operators headset I25 is bridged across the conductors of the line I0, the attendant at the observation point may, of course, listen in on the conversation held between the calling party at the substation A and the called party at the substation B. After the conversation is terminated and the connection is released at both the calling and called ends thereof, the attendant may release the switch train through which the connection is extended to the substation B, by actuating the key I38 to its open-circuit position to open the outgoing loop circuit. When this loop circuit is interrupted, the connector I8, the selector I6, and the line switch I are restored to normal in the usual mannner. In this regard it will be understood that if the attendant at the point of observation desires to release the connection as set up to the substation A under observation, the keys I26 and I31 may be returned to their respective normal positions in order to interrupt the loop circuit as set up between the point of observation and the connector I9. When this loop circuit is open, the connector I9, the selector I1, and the line switch I4 are successively released in the usual manner. Incident to the release of the connector I9, the private conductor of the line 8 is disconnected from ground to render this line accessible to the other substations of the system.

In the event the call as initiated at the substation A is abandoned at this substation before it is fully extended to the desired substation B, the signal voltage produced through operation of the oscillator section of the impedance detector I60 is transmitted to the receiver of the operators headset I25 to inform the attendant of the abandonment of the call. Thus when the calling party restores the receiver 22a to the supporting hook of the hook switch 23a, to open the loop circuit extending between the substation A and the connector I9,.operation of the oscillator section of the impedance detector I60 is initiated in the manner explained above, incident to the operation of this device, an induced alternating voltage is produced in the winding I64a of the coupling transformer I64. This voltage is transmitted to the receiver of the operators headset I25 over a path which includes the line windings 222a and 222d of the repeating coil 222, the contacts 11% and I "(1 of the key I14, and the contacts of the two keys I31 and I26. When reproduced by the receiver of the operators headset I25, this signal voltage produces a distinctive signal which indicates that the initiated call has been abandoned. Upon receiving this signal, the operator, may release the connection as partially completed over the line I I to a desired substation, by opening the key I38 to interrupt the outgoing loop circuit. The manner in which the switches occupied with the call are released when this loop circuit is broken will be clearly apparent from theforegoing explanation.

In'order to condition the control portion of the observing apparatus for use in handling another call after a connection has been extended from the point of observation and then released, the keys I31 and I38 are operated to their respective closed-circuit positions, the key I14 is actuated to its off-normal position, and the key I94 is momentarily operated to its open-circuit position. In response to the latter operation, the parallel-connected windings of the two relays I11 and I89 are deenergized. In releasing, the relay IFI opens its contacts I18 to deenergize the upper winding of the relay I19 and the winding of the relay I85. The relay I19 momentarily reoperates to open its contacts I incident to the deenergization of its upper winding. The relay I85, upon restoring, opens its contacts I86 to deenergize the cathode of the diode I95. After this cathode has cooled for a short time interval, the flow of space current therethrough is arrested to deenergize the lower winding of the relay I19 and the winding of the relay I8I, causing both of these relays to restore. Following the release of the relays I'I'I, I8I, I and I89, the key I94 may be returned to its closed-circuit position in order to again energize the holding winding of the relay I'I'I. After this operation is performed, the observing equipment is fully restored to normal and is conditioned to handle another call originating at the observed substation A or at any other substation which may be placed under observation in the manner explained above.

While two difierent embodiments of the invention have been disclosed, it will be understood that various modifications may be made therein which are within the true spirit and scope of the inventlon. r Y

asoaesa What is claimed is:

1. In combination, a pair of lines, a signal current repeater connecting said lines, means comprising an impulsing device for producing a train of transients on one of said lines, automatic switching apparatus accessible to the other of said lines and including non-numerical and numerical switching stages, means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line for controlling said apparatus over the other line to extend a connection to a first numerical stage thereof, and means for preventing said last-named means from responding to the transients produced on said other line incident to the operation of said apparatus.

2. In combination, a pair of lines, a signal current repeater connecting said lines, means comprising an impulsing device for producing a train of transients on one of said lines, automatic switching apparatus accessible to the other of said lines and including non-numerical and numerical switching stages, impulse repeating means adapted to be controlled in accordance with the operation of said impulsing device to repeat impulses over said other line to said apparatus, means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line for controlling said apparatus over said other line to extend a connection to a first numerical stage thereof, and means for preventing said impulse repeating means and said last-named means for responding to the transients produced on said other line incident to the operation of said apparatus.

3. In combination, a pair of lines, a signal current repeater connecting said lines, means comprising an impulsing device for producing a train of transients on one of said lines, automatic switching apparatus accessible to the other of said lines and including non-numerical and numerical switching stages, impulse repeating means adapted to be controlled in accordance with the operation of said impulsing device to repeat impulses over said other line to said apparatus, means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line for controlling said apparatus over said other line to extend a connection to a first numerical stage thereof, means for preventing said impulse repeating means and said last-named means for responding to the transients produced on said other line incident to the operation of said apparatus, and means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line as a result of operation of said impulsing device for conditioning said impulse repeating means to be controlled by said impulsing device.

4. In combination, a pair of lines, a signal current repeater connecting said lines, means comprising an impulsing device for producing a train of transients on one of said lines, automatic switching apparatus accessible to the other of said lines and including non-numerical and numerical switching stages, means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line for controlling said apparatus over the other line to extend a connection to a first numerical stage thereof and for transmitting a signal over said one line, means for preventing said last-named means from responding to the transients produced on said other line incident to the operation of said apparatus, and means responsive to the first transient appearing on said line as a result of operation of said impulsing device forterminating said signal.

5. In combination, a pair of lines, a signal current repeater connecting said lines, means comprising an impulsing device for producing a train of transients on one of said lines, automatic switching apparatus accessible to the other of said lines and including non-numerical and numerical switching stages, impulse repeating means adapted to be controlled in accordance with the operation of said impulsing device to repeat impulses over said other line to said apparatus, means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line for controlling said apparatus over said other line to extend a connection to a first numerical switching stage thereof and for transmitting a signal over said one line, means for preventing said last-named means from responding to the transients produced on said one line incident to the operation of said apparatus, and means responsive to the first transient appearing on said one line as a result of operation of said impulsing device for terminating said signal and for conditioning said impulse repeating means to be controlled by said device.

6. In combination with a signal transmitting circuit having a reactive coupling device therein and means including an impulsing device for opening and closing said circuit at one end thereof to produce corresponding changes in the impedance of said circuit as measured at the other end thereof, a line, a signal current repeater connecting said line and said circuit, automatic switching apparatus accessible to said line, thermionic means adapted to respond to the changes in impedance of said circuit as measured at said other end thereof to transmit impulses over said line to said apparatus, and means for preventing said thermionic means from responding to the transients produced on said line as a result of the response of said switching apparatus to said impulses.

7. In combination with a signal transmitting circuit having a reactive coupling device therein and means including an impulsing device for opening and closing said circuit at one end thereof to produce corresponding changes in the impedance of said circuit as measured at the other end thereof, a line, a signal current repeater connecting said line and said circuit, automatic switching apparatus accessible to said line, thermionic means adapted to respond to the changes in impedance of said circuit as measured at said other end thereof to transmit impulses over said line to said apparatus, and means responsive to the transient produced in said circuit when operation of said impulsing device is started for opening the connection between said repeater and said circuit.

BARNEY J. KUCERA. 

